SPARStwo.cpp

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/* Author: Andrew Dobson */
 
#include "ompl/geometric/planners/prm/SPARStwo.h"
#include "ompl/geometric/planners/prm/ConnectionStrategy.h"
#include "ompl/base/goals/GoalSampleableRegion.h"
#include "ompl/base/objectives/PathLengthOptimizationObjective.h"
#include "ompl/tools/config/SelfConfig.h"
#include <boost/graph/astar_search.hpp>
#include <boost/graph/incremental_components.hpp>
#include <boost/property_map/vector_property_map.hpp>
#include <boost/foreach.hpp>
#include <thread>
 
#include "GoalVisitor.hpp"
 
#define foreach BOOST_FOREACH
#define foreach_reverse BOOST_REVERSE_FOREACH
 
ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::SPARStwo(const base::SpaceInformationPtr &si)
  : base::Planner(si, "SPARStwo")
  , nearSamplePoints_((2 * si_->getStateDimension()))
  , stateProperty_(boost::get(vertex_state_t(), g_))
  , weightProperty_(boost::get(boost::edge_weight, g_))
  , colorProperty_(boost::get(vertex_color_t(), g_))
  , interfaceDataProperty_(boost::get(vertex_interface_data_t(), g_))
  , disjointSets_(boost::get(boost::vertex_rank, g_), boost::get(boost::vertex_predecessor, g_))
{
    specs_.recognizedGoal = base::GOAL_SAMPLEABLE_REGION;
    specs_.approximateSolutions = false;
    specs_.optimizingPaths = true;
    specs_.multithreaded = true;
 
    psimp_ = std::make_shared<PathSimplifier>(si_);
 
    Planner::declareParam<double>("stretch_factor", this, &SPARStwo::setStretchFactor, &SPARStwo::getStretchFactor,
                                  "1.1:0.1:3.0");
    Planner::declareParam<double>("sparse_delta_fraction", this, &SPARStwo::setSparseDeltaFraction,
                                  &SPARStwo::getSparseDeltaFraction, "0.0:0.01:1.0");
    Planner::declareParam<double>("dense_delta_fraction", this, &SPARStwo::setDenseDeltaFraction,
                                  &SPARStwo::getDenseDeltaFraction, "0.0:0.0001:0.1");
    Planner::declareParam<unsigned int>("max_failures", this, &SPARStwo::setMaxFailures, &SPARStwo::getMaxFailures,
                                        "100:10:3000");
 
    addPlannerProgressProperty("iterations INTEGER", [this]
                               {
                                   return getIterationCount();
                               });
    addPlannerProgressProperty("best cost REAL", [this]
                               {
                                   return getBestCost();
                               });
}
 
ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::~SPARStwo()
{
    freeMemory();
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::setup()
{
    Planner::setup();
    if (!nn_)
        nn_.reset(tools::SelfConfig::getDefaultNearestNeighbors<Vertex>(this));
    nn_->setDistanceFunction([this](const Vertex a, const Vertex b)
                             {
                                 return distanceFunction(a, b);
                             });
    double maxExt = si_->getMaximumExtent();
    sparseDelta_ = sparseDeltaFraction_ * maxExt;
    denseDelta_ = denseDeltaFraction_ * maxExt;
 
    // Setup optimization objective
    //
    // If no optimization objective was specified, then default to
    // optimizing path length as computed by the distance() function
    // in the state space.
    if (pdef_)
    {
        if (pdef_->hasOptimizationObjective())
        {
            opt_ = pdef_->getOptimizationObjective();
            if (dynamic_cast<base::PathLengthOptimizationObjective *>(opt_.get()) == nullptr)
                OMPL_WARN("%s: Asymptotic optimality has only been proven with path length optimizaton; convergence "
                          "for other optimizaton objectives is not guaranteed.",
                          getName().c_str());
        }
        else
            opt_ = std::make_shared<base::PathLengthOptimizationObjective>(si_);
    }
    else
    {
        OMPL_INFORM("%s: problem definition is not set, deferring setup completion...", getName().c_str());
        setup_ = false;
    }
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::setProblemDefinition(const base::ProblemDefinitionPtr &pdef)
{
    Planner::setProblemDefinition(pdef);
    clearQuery();
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::clearQuery()
{
    startM_.clear();
    goalM_.clear();
    pis_.restart();
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::clear()
{
    Planner::clear();
    clearQuery();
    resetFailures();
    iterations_ = 0;
    bestCost_ = base::Cost(std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN());
    freeMemory();
    if (nn_)
        nn_->clear();
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::freeMemory()
{
    Planner::clear();
    sampler_.reset();
 
    foreach (Vertex v, boost::vertices(g_))
    {
        foreach (InterfaceData &d, interfaceDataProperty_[v] | boost::adaptors::map_values)
            d.clear(si_);
        if (stateProperty_[v] != nullptr)
            si_->freeState(stateProperty_[v]);
        stateProperty_[v] = nullptr;
    }
    g_.clear();
 
    if (nn_)
        nn_->clear();
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::haveSolution(const std::vector<Vertex> &starts, const std::vector<Vertex> &goals,
                                             base::PathPtr &solution)
{
    base::Goal *g = pdef_->getGoal().get();
    base::Cost sol_cost(opt_->infiniteCost());
    foreach (Vertex start, starts)
        foreach (Vertex goal, goals)
        {
            // we lock because the connected components algorithm is incremental and may change disjointSets_
            graphMutex_.lock();
            bool same_component = sameComponent(start, goal);
            graphMutex_.unlock();
 
            if (same_component && g->isStartGoalPairValid(stateProperty_[goal], stateProperty_[start]))
            {
                base::PathPtr p = constructSolution(start, goal);
                if (p)
                {
                    base::Cost pathCost = p->cost(opt_);
                    if (opt_->isCostBetterThan(pathCost, bestCost_))
                        bestCost_ = pathCost;
                    // Check if optimization objective is satisfied
                    if (opt_->isSatisfied(pathCost))
                    {
                        solution = p;
                        return true;
                    }
                    if (opt_->isCostBetterThan(pathCost, sol_cost))
                    {
                        solution = p;
                        sol_cost = pathCost;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    return false;
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::sameComponent(Vertex m1, Vertex m2)
{
    return boost::same_component(m1, m2, disjointSets_);
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::reachedFailureLimit() const
{
    return consecutiveFailures_ >= maxFailures_;
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::reachedTerminationCriterion() const
{
    return consecutiveFailures_ >= maxFailures_ || addedSolution_;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::constructRoadmap(const base::PlannerTerminationCondition &ptc, bool stopOnMaxFail)
{
    if (stopOnMaxFail)
    {
        resetFailures();
        base::PlannerTerminationCondition ptcOrFail([this, &ptc]
                                                    {
                                                        return ptc || reachedFailureLimit();
                                                    });
        constructRoadmap(ptcOrFail);
    }
    else
        constructRoadmap(ptc);
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::constructRoadmap(const base::PlannerTerminationCondition &ptc)
{
    checkQueryStateInitialization();
 
    if (!isSetup())
        setup();
    if (!sampler_)
        sampler_ = si_->allocValidStateSampler();
 
    base::State *qNew = si_->allocState();
    base::State *workState = si_->allocState();
 
    /* The whole neighborhood set which has been most recently computed */
    std::vector<Vertex> graphNeighborhood;
    /* The visible neighborhood set which has been most recently computed */
    std::vector<Vertex> visibleNeighborhood;
 
    bestCost_ = opt_->infiniteCost();
    while (!ptc)
    {
        ++iterations_;
        ++consecutiveFailures_;
 
        // Generate a single sample, and attempt to connect it to nearest neighbors.
        if (!sampler_->sample(qNew))
            continue;
 
        findGraphNeighbors(qNew, graphNeighborhood, visibleNeighborhood);
 
        if (!checkAddCoverage(qNew, visibleNeighborhood))
            if (!checkAddConnectivity(qNew, visibleNeighborhood))
                if (!checkAddInterface(qNew, graphNeighborhood, visibleNeighborhood))
                {
                    if (!visibleNeighborhood.empty())
                    {
                        std::map<Vertex, base::State *> closeRepresentatives;
                        findCloseRepresentatives(workState, qNew, visibleNeighborhood[0], closeRepresentatives, ptc);
                        for (auto &closeRepresentative : closeRepresentatives)
                        {
                            updatePairPoints(visibleNeighborhood[0], qNew, closeRepresentative.first,
                                             closeRepresentative.second);
                            updatePairPoints(closeRepresentative.first, closeRepresentative.second,
                                             visibleNeighborhood[0], qNew);
                        }
                        checkAddPath(visibleNeighborhood[0]);
                        for (auto &closeRepresentative : closeRepresentatives)
                        {
                            checkAddPath(closeRepresentative.first);
                            si_->freeState(closeRepresentative.second);
                        }
                    }
                }
    }
    si_->freeState(workState);
    si_->freeState(qNew);
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::checkQueryStateInitialization()
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _(graphMutex_);
    if (boost::num_vertices(g_) < 1)
    {
        queryVertex_ = boost::add_vertex(g_);
        stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = nullptr;
    }
}
 
ompl::base::PlannerStatus ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::solve(const base::PlannerTerminationCondition &ptc)
{
    checkValidity();
    checkQueryStateInitialization();
 
    auto *goal = dynamic_cast<base::GoalSampleableRegion *>(pdef_->getGoal().get());
 
    if (goal == nullptr)
    {
        OMPL_ERROR("%s: Unknown type of goal", getName().c_str());
        return base::PlannerStatus::UNRECOGNIZED_GOAL_TYPE;
    }
 
    // Add the valid start states as milestones
    while (const base::State *st = pis_.nextStart())
        startM_.push_back(addGuard(si_->cloneState(st), START));
    if (startM_.empty())
    {
        OMPL_ERROR("%s: There are no valid initial states!", getName().c_str());
        return base::PlannerStatus::INVALID_START;
    }
 
    if (!goal->couldSample())
    {
        OMPL_ERROR("%s: Insufficient states in sampleable goal region", getName().c_str());
        return base::PlannerStatus::INVALID_GOAL;
    }
 
    // Add the valid goal states as milestones
    while (const base::State *st = (goalM_.empty() ? pis_.nextGoal(ptc) : pis_.nextGoal()))
        goalM_.push_back(addGuard(si_->cloneState(st), GOAL));
    if (goalM_.empty())
    {
        OMPL_ERROR("%s: Unable to find any valid goal states", getName().c_str());
        return base::PlannerStatus::INVALID_GOAL;
    }
 
    unsigned int nrStartStates = boost::num_vertices(g_) - 1;  // don't count query vertex
    OMPL_INFORM("%s: Starting planning with %u states already in datastructure", getName().c_str(), nrStartStates);
 
    // Reset addedSolution_ member
    addedSolution_ = false;
    resetFailures();
    base::PathPtr sol;
    base::PlannerTerminationCondition ptcOrFail([this, &ptc]
                                                {
                                                    return ptc || reachedFailureLimit();
                                                });
    std::thread slnThread([this, &ptcOrFail, &sol]
                          {
                              checkForSolution(ptcOrFail, sol);
                          });
 
    // Construct planner termination condition which also takes M into account
    base::PlannerTerminationCondition ptcOrStop([this, &ptc]
                                                {
                                                    return ptc || reachedTerminationCriterion();
                                                });
    constructRoadmap(ptcOrStop);
 
    // Ensure slnThread is ceased before exiting solve
    slnThread.join();
 
    OMPL_INFORM("%s: Created %u states", getName().c_str(), boost::num_vertices(g_) - nrStartStates);
 
    if (sol)
        pdef_->addSolutionPath(sol, false, -1.0, getName());
 
    // Return true if any solution was found.
    return sol ? base::PlannerStatus::EXACT_SOLUTION : base::PlannerStatus::TIMEOUT;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::checkForSolution(const base::PlannerTerminationCondition &ptc, base::PathPtr &solution)
{
    auto *goal = static_cast<base::GoalSampleableRegion *>(pdef_->getGoal().get());
    while (!ptc && !addedSolution_)
    {
        // Check for any new goal states
        if (goal->maxSampleCount() > goalM_.size())
        {
            const base::State *st = pis_.nextGoal();
            if (st != nullptr)
                goalM_.push_back(addGuard(si_->cloneState(st), GOAL));
        }
 
        // Check for a solution
        addedSolution_ = haveSolution(startM_, goalM_, solution);
        // Sleep for 1ms
        if (!addedSolution_)
            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
    }
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::checkAddCoverage(const base::State *qNew, std::vector<Vertex> &visibleNeighborhood)
{
    if (!visibleNeighborhood.empty())
        return false;
    // No free paths means we add for coverage
    addGuard(si_->cloneState(qNew), COVERAGE);
    return true;
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::checkAddConnectivity(const base::State *qNew, std::vector<Vertex> &visibleNeighborhood)
{
    std::vector<Vertex> links;
    if (visibleNeighborhood.size() > 1)
    {
        // For each neighbor
        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < visibleNeighborhood.size(); ++i)
            // For each other neighbor
            for (std::size_t j = i + 1; j < visibleNeighborhood.size(); ++j)
                // If they are in different components
                if (!sameComponent(visibleNeighborhood[i], visibleNeighborhood[j]))
                {
                    links.push_back(visibleNeighborhood[i]);
                    links.push_back(visibleNeighborhood[j]);
                }
 
        if (!links.empty())
        {
            // Add the node
            Vertex g = addGuard(si_->cloneState(qNew), CONNECTIVITY);
 
            for (unsigned long link : links)
                // If there's no edge
                if (!boost::edge(g, link, g_).second)
                    // And the components haven't been united by previous links
                    if (!sameComponent(link, g))
                        connectGuards(g, link);
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::checkAddInterface(const base::State *qNew, std::vector<Vertex> &graphNeighborhood,
                                                  std::vector<Vertex> &visibleNeighborhood)
{
    // If we have more than 1 or 0 neighbors
    if (visibleNeighborhood.size() > 1)
        if (graphNeighborhood[0] == visibleNeighborhood[0] && graphNeighborhood[1] == visibleNeighborhood[1])
            // If our two closest neighbors don't share an edge
            if (!boost::edge(visibleNeighborhood[0], visibleNeighborhood[1], g_).second)
            {
                // If they can be directly connected
                if (si_->checkMotion(stateProperty_[visibleNeighborhood[0]], stateProperty_[visibleNeighborhood[1]]))
                {
                    // Connect them
                    connectGuards(visibleNeighborhood[0], visibleNeighborhood[1]);
                    // And report that we added to the roadmap
                    resetFailures();
                    // Report success
                    return true;
                }
 
                // Add the new node to the graph, to bridge the interface
                Vertex v = addGuard(si_->cloneState(qNew), INTERFACE);
                connectGuards(v, visibleNeighborhood[0]);
                connectGuards(v, visibleNeighborhood[1]);
                // Report success
                return true;
            }
    return false;
}
 
bool ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::checkAddPath(Vertex v)
{
    bool ret = false;
 
    std::vector<Vertex> rs;
    foreach (Vertex r, boost::adjacent_vertices(v, g_))
        rs.push_back(r);
 
    /* Candidate x vertices as described in the method, filled by function computeX(). */
    std::vector<Vertex> Xs;
 
    /* Candidate v" vertices as described in the method, filled by function computeVPP(). */
    std::vector<Vertex> VPPs;
 
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < rs.size() && !ret; ++i)
    {
        Vertex r = rs[i];
        computeVPP(v, r, VPPs);
        foreach (Vertex rp, VPPs)
        {
            // First, compute the longest path through the graph
            computeX(v, r, rp, Xs);
            double rm_dist = 0.0;
            foreach (Vertex rpp, Xs)
            {
                double tmp_dist = (si_->distance(stateProperty_[r], stateProperty_[v]) +
                                   si_->distance(stateProperty_[v], stateProperty_[rpp])) /
                                  2.0;
                if (tmp_dist > rm_dist)
                    rm_dist = tmp_dist;
            }
 
            InterfaceData &d = getData(v, r, rp);
 
            // Then, if the spanner property is violated
            if (rm_dist > stretchFactor_ * d.d_)
            {
                ret = true;  // Report that we added for the path
                if (si_->checkMotion(stateProperty_[r], stateProperty_[rp]))
                    connectGuards(r, rp);
                else
                {
                    auto p(std::make_shared<PathGeometric>(si_));
                    if (r < rp)
                    {
                        p->append(d.sigmaA_);
                        p->append(d.pointA_);
                        p->append(stateProperty_[v]);
                        p->append(d.pointB_);
                        p->append(d.sigmaB_);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        p->append(d.sigmaB_);
                        p->append(d.pointB_);
                        p->append(stateProperty_[v]);
                        p->append(d.pointA_);
                        p->append(d.sigmaA_);
                    }
 
                    psimp_->reduceVertices(*p, 10);
                    psimp_->shortcutPath(*p, 50);
 
                    if (p->checkAndRepair(100).second)
                    {
                        Vertex prior = r;
                        Vertex vnew;
                        std::vector<base::State *> &states = p->getStates();
 
                        foreach (base::State *st, states)
                        {
                            // no need to clone st, since we will destroy p; we just copy the pointer
                            vnew = addGuard(st, QUALITY);
 
                            connectGuards(prior, vnew);
                            prior = vnew;
                        }
                        // clear the states, so memory is not freed twice
                        states.clear();
                        connectGuards(prior, rp);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
 
    return ret;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::resetFailures()
{
    consecutiveFailures_ = 0;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::findGraphNeighbors(base::State *st, std::vector<Vertex> &graphNeighborhood,
                                                   std::vector<Vertex> &visibleNeighborhood)
{
    visibleNeighborhood.clear();
    stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = st;
    nn_->nearestR(queryVertex_, sparseDelta_, graphNeighborhood);
    stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = nullptr;
 
    // Now that we got the neighbors from the NN, we must remove any we can't see
    for (unsigned long i : graphNeighborhood)
        if (si_->checkMotion(st, stateProperty_[i]))
            visibleNeighborhood.push_back(i);
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::approachGraph(Vertex v)
{
    std::vector<Vertex> hold;
    nn_->nearestR(v, sparseDelta_, hold);
 
    std::vector<Vertex> neigh;
    for (unsigned long i : hold)
        if (si_->checkMotion(stateProperty_[v], stateProperty_[i]))
            neigh.push_back(i);
 
    foreach (Vertex vp, neigh)
        connectGuards(v, vp);
}
 
ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::Vertex ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::findGraphRepresentative(base::State *st)
{
    std::vector<Vertex> nbh;
    stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = st;
    nn_->nearestR(queryVertex_, sparseDelta_, nbh);
    stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = nullptr;
 
    Vertex result = boost::graph_traits<Graph>::null_vertex();
 
    for (unsigned long i : nbh)
        if (si_->checkMotion(st, stateProperty_[i]))
        {
            result = i;
            break;
        }
    return result;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::findCloseRepresentatives(base::State *workArea, const base::State *qNew,
                                                         const Vertex qRep,
                                                         std::map<Vertex, base::State *> &closeRepresentatives,
                                                         const base::PlannerTerminationCondition &ptc)
{
    for (auto &closeRepresentative : closeRepresentatives)
        si_->freeState(closeRepresentative.second);
    closeRepresentatives.clear();
 
    // Then, begin searching the space around him
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nearSamplePoints_; ++i)
    {
        do
        {
            sampler_->sampleNear(workArea, qNew, denseDelta_);
        } while ((!si_->isValid(workArea) || si_->distance(qNew, workArea) > denseDelta_ ||
                  !si_->checkMotion(qNew, workArea)) &&
                 !ptc);
 
        // if we were not successful at sampling a desirable state, we are out of time
        if (ptc)
            break;
 
        // Compute who his graph neighbors are
        Vertex representative = findGraphRepresentative(workArea);
 
        // Assuming this sample is actually seen by somebody (which he should be in all likelihood)
        if (representative != boost::graph_traits<Graph>::null_vertex())
        {
            // If his representative is different than qNew
            if (qRep != representative)
                // And we haven't already tracked this representative
                if (closeRepresentatives.find(representative) == closeRepresentatives.end())
                    // Track the representative
                    closeRepresentatives[representative] = si_->cloneState(workArea);
        }
        else
        {
            // This guy can't be seen by anybody, so we should take this opportunity to add him
            addGuard(si_->cloneState(workArea), COVERAGE);
 
            // We should also stop our efforts to add a dense path
            for (auto &closeRepresentative : closeRepresentatives)
                si_->freeState(closeRepresentative.second);
            closeRepresentatives.clear();
            break;
        }
    }
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::updatePairPoints(Vertex rep, const base::State *q, Vertex r, const base::State *s)
{
    // First of all, we need to compute all candidate r'
    std::vector<Vertex> VPPs;
    computeVPP(rep, r, VPPs);
 
    // Then, for each pair Pv(r,r')
    foreach (Vertex rp, VPPs)
        // Try updating the pair info
        distanceCheck(rep, q, r, s, rp);
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::computeVPP(Vertex v, Vertex vp, std::vector<Vertex> &VPPs)
{
    VPPs.clear();
    foreach (Vertex cvpp, boost::adjacent_vertices(v, g_))
        if (cvpp != vp)
            if (!boost::edge(cvpp, vp, g_).second)
                VPPs.push_back(cvpp);
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::computeX(Vertex v, Vertex vp, Vertex vpp, std::vector<Vertex> &Xs)
{
    Xs.clear();
 
    foreach (Vertex cx, boost::adjacent_vertices(vpp, g_))
        if (boost::edge(cx, v, g_).second && !boost::edge(cx, vp, g_).second)
        {
            InterfaceData &d = getData(v, vpp, cx);
            if ((vpp < cx && (d.pointA_ != nullptr)) || (cx < vpp && (d.pointB_ != nullptr)))
                Xs.push_back(cx);
        }
    Xs.push_back(vpp);
}
 
ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::VertexPair ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::index(Vertex vp, Vertex vpp)
{
    if (vp < vpp)
        return VertexPair(vp, vpp);
    if (vpp < vp)
        return VertexPair(vpp, vp);
    else
        throw Exception(name_, "Trying to get an index where the pairs are the same point!");
}
 
ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::InterfaceData &ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::getData(Vertex v, Vertex vp, Vertex vpp)
{
    return interfaceDataProperty_[v][index(vp, vpp)];
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::distanceCheck(Vertex rep, const base::State *q, Vertex r, const base::State *s,
                                              Vertex rp)
{
    // Get the info for the current representative-neighbors pair
    InterfaceData &d = getData(rep, r, rp);
 
    if (r < rp)  // FIRST points represent r (the guy discovered through sampling)
    {
        if (d.pointA_ == nullptr)  // If the point we're considering replacing (P_v(r,.)) isn't there
            // Then we know we're doing better, so add it
            d.setFirst(q, s, si_);
        else  // Otherwise, he is there,
        {
            if (d.pointB_ == nullptr)  // But if the other guy doesn't exist, we can't compare.
            {
                // Should probably keep the one that is further away from rep?  Not known what to do in this case.
                // \todo: is this not part of the algorithm?
            }
            else  // We know both of these points exist, so we can check some distances
                if (si_->distance(q, d.pointB_) < si_->distance(d.pointA_, d.pointB_))
                // Distance with the new point is good, so set it.
                d.setFirst(q, s, si_);
        }
    }
    else  // SECOND points represent r (the guy discovered through sampling)
    {
        if (d.pointB_ == nullptr)  // If the point we're considering replacing (P_V(.,r)) isn't there...
            // Then we must be doing better, so add it
            d.setSecond(q, s, si_);
        else  // Otherwise, he is there
        {
            if (d.pointA_ == nullptr)  // But if the other guy doesn't exist, we can't compare.
            {
                // Should we be doing something cool here?
            }
            else if (si_->distance(q, d.pointA_) < si_->distance(d.pointB_, d.pointA_))
                // Distance with the new point is good, so set it
                d.setSecond(q, s, si_);
        }
    }
 
    // Lastly, save what we have discovered
    interfaceDataProperty_[rep][index(r, rp)] = d;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::abandonLists(base::State *st)
{
    stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = st;
 
    std::vector<Vertex> hold;
    nn_->nearestR(queryVertex_, sparseDelta_, hold);
 
    stateProperty_[queryVertex_] = nullptr;
 
    // For each of the vertices
    foreach (Vertex v, hold)
    {
        foreach (VertexPair r, interfaceDataProperty_[v] | boost::adaptors::map_keys)
            interfaceDataProperty_[v][r].clear(si_);
    }
}
 
ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::Vertex ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::addGuard(base::State *state, GuardType type)
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _(graphMutex_);
 
    Vertex m = boost::add_vertex(g_);
    stateProperty_[m] = state;
    colorProperty_[m] = type;
 
    assert(si_->isValid(state));
    abandonLists(state);
 
    disjointSets_.make_set(m);
    nn_->add(m);
    resetFailures();
 
    return m;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::connectGuards(Vertex v, Vertex vp)
{
    assert(v <= milestoneCount());
    assert(vp <= milestoneCount());
 
    const base::Cost weight(costHeuristic(v, vp));
    const Graph::edge_property_type properties(weight);
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _(graphMutex_);
    boost::add_edge(v, vp, properties, g_);
    disjointSets_.union_set(v, vp);
}
 
ompl::base::PathPtr ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::constructSolution(const Vertex start, const Vertex goal) const
{
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _(graphMutex_);
 
    boost::vector_property_map<Vertex> prev(boost::num_vertices(g_));
 
    try
    {
        boost::astar_search(g_, start,
                            [this, goal](Vertex v)
                            {
                                return costHeuristic(v, goal);
                            },
                            boost::predecessor_map(prev)
                                .distance_compare([this](base::Cost c1, base::Cost c2)
                                                  {
                                                      return opt_->isCostBetterThan(c1, c2);
                                                  })
                                .distance_combine([this](base::Cost c1, base::Cost c2)
                                                  {
                                                      return opt_->combineCosts(c1, c2);
                                                  })
                                .distance_inf(opt_->infiniteCost())
                                .distance_zero(opt_->identityCost())
                                .visitor(AStarGoalVisitor<Vertex>(goal)));
    }
    catch (AStarFoundGoal &)
    {
    }
 
    if (prev[goal] == goal)
        throw Exception(name_, "Could not find solution path");
    else
    {
        auto p(std::make_shared<PathGeometric>(si_));
        for (Vertex pos = goal; prev[pos] != pos; pos = prev[pos])
            p->append(stateProperty_[pos]);
        p->append(stateProperty_[start]);
        p->reverse();
 
        return p;
    }
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::printDebug(std::ostream &out) const
{
    out << "SPARStwo Debug Output: " << std::endl;
    out << "  Settings: " << std::endl;
    out << "    Max Failures: " << getMaxFailures() << std::endl;
    out << "    Dense Delta Fraction: " << getDenseDeltaFraction() << std::endl;
    out << "    Sparse Delta Fraction: " << getSparseDeltaFraction() << std::endl;
    out << "    Stretch Factor: " << getStretchFactor() << std::endl;
    out << "  Status: " << std::endl;
    out << "    Milestone Count: " << milestoneCount() << std::endl;
    out << "    Iterations: " << getIterationCount() << std::endl;
    out << "    Consecutive Failures: " << consecutiveFailures_ << std::endl;
}
 
void ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::getPlannerData(base::PlannerData &data) const
{
    Planner::getPlannerData(data);
 
    // Explicitly add start and goal states:
    for (unsigned long i : startM_)
        data.addStartVertex(base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[i], (int)START));
 
    for (unsigned long i : goalM_)
        data.addGoalVertex(base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[i], (int)GOAL));
 
    // If there are even edges here
    if (boost::num_edges(g_) > 0)
    {
        // Adding edges and all other vertices simultaneously
        foreach (const Edge e, boost::edges(g_))
        {
            const Vertex v1 = boost::source(e, g_);
            const Vertex v2 = boost::target(e, g_);
            data.addEdge(base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[v1], (int)colorProperty_[v1]),
                         base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[v2], (int)colorProperty_[v2]));
 
            // Add the reverse edge, since we're constructing an undirected roadmap
            data.addEdge(base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[v2], (int)colorProperty_[v2]),
                         base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[v1], (int)colorProperty_[v1]));
        }
    }
    else
        OMPL_INFORM("%s: There are no edges in the graph!", getName().c_str());
 
    // Make sure to add edge-less nodes as well
    foreach (const Vertex n, boost::vertices(g_))
        if (boost::out_degree(n, g_) == 0)
            data.addVertex(base::PlannerDataVertex(stateProperty_[n], (int)colorProperty_[n]));
}
 
ompl::base::Cost ompl::geometric::SPARStwo::costHeuristic(Vertex u, Vertex v) const
{
    return opt_->motionCostHeuristic(stateProperty_[u], stateProperty_[v]);
}